Chemical Engineering @ UP wiki - User contributions [en]

Bioreactor

2019-11-24T14:07:03Z

Darren Roos:

[[Image:bioreactor_picture1.jpg|center|400px]]

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current documentation==
[https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xzLvDu-u5TOpixQoFqj68_FGfRugsTrS Here] is the current lab manual/documentation containing the: wiring information, process diagram, operating procedure and software installation information

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2017)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[Media:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].
The documentation compiled by Sphinx can be found [[Media:darren_roos_cml_code_docs.pdf|here]].
The lab manual and documentation can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xzLvDu-u5TOpixQoFqj68_FGfRugsTrS here]

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

Bioreactor

2019-11-24T13:09:11Z

Darren Roos: /* Darren Roos (2019) */

[[Image:bioreactor_picture1.jpg|center|400px]]

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current documentation==
[Here] is the current lab manual/documentation containing the: wiring information, process diagram, operating procedure and software installation information

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2017)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[Media:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].
The documentation compiled by Sphinx can be found [[Media:darren_roos_cml_code_docs.pdf|here]].
The lab manual and documentation can be found [here]

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

Bioreactor

2019-11-24T13:05:48Z

Darren Roos: /* Darren Roos (2019) */

[[Image:bioreactor_picture1.jpg|center|400px]]

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current documentation==
[Here] is the current lab manual/documentation containing the: wiring information, process diagram, operating procedure and software installation information

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2017)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[:File:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].
The documentation compiled by Sphinx can be found [[:File:darren_roos_cml_code_docs.pdf|here]].
The lab manual and documentation can be found [here]

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

File:Darren roos cml code docs.pdf

2019-11-24T13:05:27Z

Darren Roos:

Bioreactor

2019-11-24T13:04:53Z

Darren Roos: /* Darren Roos (2019) */

[[Image:bioreactor_picture1.jpg|center|400px]]

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current documentation==
[Here] is the current lab manual/documentation containing the: wiring information, process diagram, operating procedure and software installation information

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2017)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[:File:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].
The documentation compiled by Sphinx can be found [[File:darren_roos_cml_code_docs.pdf|here]].
The lab manual and documentation can be found [here]

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

File:Bioreactor picture1.jpg

2019-11-24T13:02:53Z

Darren Roos:

Bioreactor

2019-11-24T13:02:40Z

Darren Roos:

[[Image:bioreactor_picture1.jpg|center|400px]]

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current documentation==
[Here] is the current lab manual/documentation containing the: wiring information, process diagram, operating procedure and software installation information

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2017)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[:File:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].
The documentation compiled by Sphinx can be found [[:File:darren_roos_cml_code_docs.pdf|here]].
The lab manual and documentation can be found [here]

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

Bioreactor

2019-11-24T13:01:43Z

Darren Roos:

[[Image:bioreactor_picture.jpg|center|400px]]

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current documentation==
[Here] is the current lab manual/documentation containing the: wiring information, process diagram, operating procedure and software installation information

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2017)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[:File:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].
The documentation compiled by Sphinx can be found [[:File:darren_roos_cml_code_docs.pdf|here]].
The lab manual and documentation can be found [here]

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

Bioreactor

2019-11-24T13:01:14Z

Darren Roos:

[[Image:bioreactor_picture.jpg|center|700px]]

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current documentation==
[Here] is the current lab manual/documentation containing the: wiring information, process diagram, operating procedure and software installation information

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2017)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[:File:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].
The documentation compiled by Sphinx can be found [[:File:darren_roos_cml_code_docs.pdf|here]].
The lab manual and documentation can be found [here]

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

File:Bioreactor picture.jpg

2019-11-24T13:00:50Z

Darren Roos:

Bioreactor

2019-11-24T12:33:40Z

Darren Roos: Add image and documentation

[[Image:bioreactor_picture.png|center|700px]]

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current documentation==
[Here] is the current lab manual/documentation containing the: wiring information, process diagram, operating procedure and software installation information

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2017)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[:File:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].
The documentation compiled by Sphinx can be found [[:File:darren_roos_cml_code_docs.pdf|here]].
The lab manual and documentation can be found [here]

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

Bioreactor

2019-11-18T10:16:08Z

Darren Roos: Added software and future work sections

==System description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Current software setup==

The current system has Labview and Python code.
Labview is used to interface with the hardware, display readings, and control the temperature.
There are currently two closed loops in the system, one for the temperature and one for the pH.
The temperature loop consists of a discrete PID controller and pulse width modulator that manipulates temperature by turning the heating plate element on and off.
The pH controller is part of the pH probe and its workings are proprietary.

The Python code currently runs on Python (v3.7) with the following packages:
* numpy (v1.16.4)
* pandas (v0.24.2)
* scipy (v1.3.0)
* filterpy (v1.4.5)
* matplotlib (v3.1.0)
* tqdm (v4.32.1)

it contains code that makes it easy for a different parts of the system to be replaced.
There is code that can simulate a model that interacts with either offline data from the bioreactor or online data from the reactor.
The code contains it's own plotting code and does not interface with Labview's plotting code.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used for state estimation in the system.

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2018)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[:File:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here].

==Future work==
* Translation of the Labview code into Python would make future development easier because it is impractical to do state estimation and advanced control in Labview. A potentially good resource for interfacing with the hardware can be found [https://github.com/ni/nidaqmx-python here]

* An improved model of the system that includes actual metabolic pathway and regime information. This would likely have to build on work done on the bio side to determine the exact mechanisms involved.

* Add controllers for the fumaric acid and ethanol concentration. This would involve a good understanding of how to manipulate these variables.

PMC Lab

2019-11-18T08:18:23Z

Darren Roos: Update the ragnarok links

The Process Modelling & Control lab currently contains five working rigs. The [[Opto 22]] unit is usually refered to as the sixth rig. Equipment on the rigs (and in the lab) is discussed in the lab equipment section. The lab manual is available [[Media:labmanual.pdf| here]]. New users wanting to set up computers and software should have a look at [[PMC Lab Users|this page]].

== Rigs ==
For the rigs in the Tribology labs, see [[Tribology|this page]].

<big>'''[[Acetone Flashing]]'''</big>

The acetone flashing rig is a four by four control problem. You can find the documentation [https://drive.google.com/open?id=197S7vxDqJp_X41LAvZFYRfnl9P7wuSnb here].

<big>'''[[pH Loop]]'''</big>

This rig demonstrates pH control. You can find the documentation [https://drive.google.com/open?id=19L2OCUjSNSugsQk4jKBRBbkjbt11HVza here].

<big>'''[[Temperature Control]]'''</big>

The temperature control rig was rebuilt by Ivan and David in 2005. You can find the documentation [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1JbOB6-6fxGMyvYjgvlBAwYgiqd97Yfwq here].

<big>'''[[Level and Flow]]'''</big>

Level and Flow is one of our favourite rigs. You can find the documentation [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1XHBrkO8PCHQKCRljF4-D0qIjiQCUUhpe here].

<big>'''Distillation Columns'''</big>

There are two distillation columns in the chemical engineering laboratories;
* documentation for the [[small distillation column]] (in the PM&C lab) can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1A2yNQfkMiBDit-BQ9CCWk5oqQ182NL5G here].
* information on the column [[big distillation column]] (between the 3rd year labs and the PM&C lab) .
<big>'''[[Slug Flow]]'''</big>

This unit, copied from a setup done by Ingvald Bårdsen under supervision of Espen Storkaas and Heidi Sivertsen at [http://www.ntnu.no/indexe.php NTNU], models severe slugging behaviour in a pipeline/riser system.
* the original information is hosted at http://www.nt.ntnu.no/users/skoge/diplom/prosjekt03/bardsen/ (this will, if anything, improve your Norwegian)
* our lab documentation is available [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1cOBXPwDX-QkzQmU1M2OXC6oWKena9lPs here].

<big>'''[[Dual Fluidised Bed System]]'''</big>

This unit, intended to produce bio-oils from woody biomass, is still under construction by Stephen Swart and Prof. Heydenrych. It is intended to be completed by 2012, with the design outlined in [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1aSxt4bjZz08prpvXHOf-uvAIFtDC_elU Swart (2010)]. The documentation can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1QNU4wAVI8ehaXwKxTsR5li5O6n2Jr36s here].

<big>'''[[Ball and Plate Control Rig]]'''</big>

This rig is a rapid prototyping and test unit for control systems, consisting of the task of stabilisation and reference tracking of an open loop unstable system.

<big>'''[[Quadcopter]]'''</big>

Implement an Arduino Uno based control system to stabilise the quadcopter in a hover position.

<big>'''[[Bioreactor]]'''</big>

This rig is part of a joint effort between the Bioreaction Engineering group and the PM&C group. The reactor produces fumaric acid from glucose in a continuous process using Rhizopus oryzae .

== Lab equipment ==

Equipment for the rigs are (should be) documented on their respective pages. Some additional equipment in the PMC lab include;
* [[PMC testing equipment|Testing equipment]]

== Contact Details ==

<big>'''[[Burkett Valves]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Opto Controls]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Mantech Electronics]]'''</big>

PMC Lab

2019-11-18T08:12:22Z

Darren Roos: Update lab manual link

The Process Modelling & Control lab currently contains five working rigs. The [[Opto 22]] unit is usually refered to as the sixth rig. Equipment on the rigs (and in the lab) is discussed in the lab equipment section. The lab manual is available [[Media:labmanual.pdf| here]]. New users wanting to set up computers and software should have a look at [[PMC Lab Users|this page]].

== Rigs ==
For the rigs in the Tribology labs, see [[Tribology|this page]].

<big>'''[[Acetone Flashing]]'''</big>

The acetone flashing rig is a four by four control problem. You can find the documentation [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/01_Acetone/ here].

<big>'''[[pH Loop]]'''</big>

This rig demonstrates pH control. You can find the documentation [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/02_pH/ here].

<big>'''[[Temperature Control]]'''</big>

The temperature control rig was rebuilt by Ivan and David in 2005. You can find the documentation [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/03_Temperature/ here].

<big>'''[[Level and Flow]]'''</big>

Level and Flow is one of our favourite rigs. You can find the documentation [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/04_Level_and_flow/ here].

<big>'''Distillation Columns'''</big>

There are two distillation columns in the chemical engineering laboratories;
* documentation for the [[small distillation column]] (in the PM&C lab) can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/05_Distillation/ here].
* information on the column [[big distillation column]] (between the 3rd year labs and the PM&C lab) .
<big>'''[[Slug Flow]]'''</big>

This unit, copied from a setup done by Ingvald Bårdsen under supervision of Espen Storkaas and Heidi Sivertsen at [http://www.ntnu.no/indexe.php NTNU], models severe slugging behaviour in a pipeline/riser system.
* the original information is hosted at http://www.nt.ntnu.no/users/skoge/diplom/prosjekt03/bardsen/ (this will, if anything, improve your Norwegian)
* our lab documentation is available [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/Slugflow/ here].

<big>'''[[Dual Fluidised Bed System]]'''</big>

This unit, intended to produce bio-oils from woody biomass, is still under construction by Stephen Swart and Prof. Heydenrych. It is intended to be completed by 2012, with the design outlined in [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/08_DualFluidisedBed/2011/Reference%20Material%20-%20Swart%20(2010)/CRO_700_Project%20Design%20Report.pdf Swart (2010)]. The documentation can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/08_DualFluidisedBed/ here].

<big>'''[[Ball and Plate Control Rig]]'''</big>

This rig is a rapid prototyping and test unit for control systems, consisting of the task of stabilisation and reference tracking of an open loop unstable system.

<big>'''[[Quadcopter]]'''</big>

Implement an Arduino Uno based control system to stabilise the quadcopter in a hover position.

<big>'''[[Bioreactor]]'''</big>

This rig is part of a joint effort between the Bioreaction Engineering group and the PM&C group. The reactor produces fumaric acid from glucose in a continuous process using Rhizopus oryzae .

== Lab equipment ==

Equipment for the rigs are (should be) documented on their respective pages. Some additional equipment in the PMC lab include;
* [[PMC testing equipment|Testing equipment]]

== Contact Details ==

<big>'''[[Burkett Valves]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Opto Controls]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Mantech Electronics]]'''</big>

File:Labmanual.pdf

2019-11-18T08:07:35Z

Darren Roos:

Bioreactor

2019-11-18T08:03:24Z

Darren Roos: /* Darren Roos (2019) */

==Description==

Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''.
Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentration is reduced by sparging with carbon dioxide.
There are two phases in the process: a growth phase and production phase.
During the growth phase, the fungus is grown on a PVC pipe within the cylindrical fermentation vessel with high concentrations of urea in a batch process.
Thereafter, in the production phase, the vessel is rinsed out and continuous fermentation begins with lower concentrations of urea.

Mixing in the vessel is caused by the continuous recycling of the reactor fluid from the base to the head of the reactor and as such the system is modelled as a CSTR.
The direction of the recycle switches periodically to prevent the build-up of fungus and subsequent clogging of the pump.
Volume is kept constant through the use of an overflow.
The overflow's fumaric acid, glucose and ethanol concentrations is measured.

[[Image:bioreactor_diagram.png|center|700px]]

==Previous work==

===Andre Naude (2018)===
On the bio side much work has been done by Naude who did his PhD on the reactor in 2018.
The three published papers relating to his work can be found [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187167841730362X here], [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369703X18301670 here], and [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359511316304573 here].
His full PhD thesis can be found [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11pKM6YyuBit4yk2MCaO-j3aqFZYMcOae here]

===Reuben Swart (2019)===
Swart also worked on the bio side and has completed his Masters on the reactor.
His work can be found [here]

===Darren Roos (2019)===
Roos worked on the control side.
He characterized the pH probe that is used in the reactor in terms of its accuracy, linearity, drift and dynamic response.
The probe (if recently calibrated) is both accurate to within 0.045% and linear throughout the range of 2 pH to 11 pH.
24h drift experiments found that the average drift of the measurement is 0.01375 pH per hour.
Dynamic tests found a first order system with a gain of one and time constant of 130 seconds described the response well.

He also developed a nonlinear model of the system that is used in state estimation.
An Unscented Kalman Filter is used in the state estimation system.
A useful article for understanding how it works can be found [https://towardsdatascience.com/the-unscented-kalman-filter-anything-ekf-can-do-i-can-do-it-better-ce7c773cf88d here].

The report for the project can be found [[:File:darren_roos_bioreactor_report.pdf|here]].
Code for the project can be found [https://github.com/darren-roos/CML_code here] (Mirrored [TODO: here]).

File:Darren roos bioreactor report.pdf

2019-11-18T07:56:19Z

Darren Roos:

Bioreactor

2019-11-18T07:52:17Z

Darren Roos: Add previous work

Bioreactor

2019-11-18T06:57:37Z

Darren Roos:

Bioreactor

2019-11-18T06:31:28Z

Darren Roos:

Bioreactor

2019-11-18T06:14:50Z

Darren Roos: /* Description */ Add image

File:Bioreactor diagram.png

2019-11-18T06:13:31Z

Darren Roos: Schematic diagram of bioreactor

Schematic diagram of bioreactor

Bioreactor

2019-11-18T06:12:35Z

Darren Roos: /* Description */

Bioreactor

2019-11-18T06:10:46Z

Darren Roos: Created page with " ==Description== Fumaric acid and ethanol are produced through the aerobic fermentation of glucose by ''Rhizopus oryzae''. Ethanol is an unwanted by-product and its concentra..."

File:Bioreactor diagram.pdf

2019-11-18T06:10:24Z

Darren Roos: A schematic diagram of the reactor

A schematic diagram of the reactor

PMC Lab

2019-11-18T04:28:45Z

Darren Roos: /* Rigs */

The Process Modelling & Control lab currently contains five working rigs. The [[Opto 22]] unit is usually refered to as the sixth rig. Equipment on the rigs (and in the lab) is discussed in the lab equipment section. The lab manual is available [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/documents/labmanual.pdf here]. New users wanting to set up computers and software should have a look at [[PMC Lab Users|this page]].

== Rigs ==
For the rigs in the Tribology labs, see [[Tribology|this page]].

<big>'''[[Acetone Flashing]]'''</big>

The acetone flashing rig is a four by four control problem. You can find the documentation [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/01_Acetone/ here].

<big>'''[[pH Loop]]'''</big>

This rig demonstrates pH control. You can find the documentation [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/02_pH/ here].

<big>'''[[Temperature Control]]'''</big>

The temperature control rig was rebuilt by Ivan and David in 2005. You can find the documentation [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/03_Temperature/ here].

<big>'''[[Level and Flow]]'''</big>

Level and Flow is one of our favourite rigs. You can find the documentation [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/04_Level_and_flow/ here].

<big>'''Distillation Columns'''</big>

There are two distillation columns in the chemical engineering laboratories;
* documentation for the [[small distillation column]] (in the PM&C lab) can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/05_Distillation/ here].
* information on the column [[big distillation column]] (between the 3rd year labs and the PM&C lab) .
<big>'''[[Slug Flow]]'''</big>

This unit, copied from a setup done by Ingvald Bårdsen under supervision of Espen Storkaas and Heidi Sivertsen at [http://www.ntnu.no/indexe.php NTNU], models severe slugging behaviour in a pipeline/riser system.
* the original information is hosted at http://www.nt.ntnu.no/users/skoge/diplom/prosjekt03/bardsen/ (this will, if anything, improve your Norwegian)
* our lab documentation is available [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/Slugflow/ here].

<big>'''[[Dual Fluidised Bed System]]'''</big>

This unit, intended to produce bio-oils from woody biomass, is still under construction by Stephen Swart and Prof. Heydenrych. It is intended to be completed by 2012, with the design outlined in [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/08_DualFluidisedBed/2011/Reference%20Material%20-%20Swart%20(2010)/CRO_700_Project%20Design%20Report.pdf Swart (2010)]. The documentation can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Rigs/08_DualFluidisedBed/ here].

<big>'''[[Ball and Plate Control Rig]]'''</big>

This rig is a rapid prototyping and test unit for control systems, consisting of the task of stabilisation and reference tracking of an open loop unstable system.

<big>'''[[Quadcopter]]'''</big>

Implement an Arduino Uno based control system to stabilise the quadcopter in a hover position.

<big>'''[[Bioreactor]]'''</big>

This rig is part of a joint effort between the Bioreaction Engineering group and the PM&C group. The reactor produces fumaric acid from glucose in a continuous process using Rhizopus oryzae .

== Lab equipment ==

Equipment for the rigs are (should be) documented on their respective pages. Some additional equipment in the PMC lab include;
* [[PMC testing equipment|Testing equipment]]

== Contact Details ==

<big>'''[[Burkett Valves]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Opto Controls]]'''</big>

<big>'''[[Mantech Electronics]]'''</big>