Chemical Engineering @ UP wiki - User contributions [en]

T10 NDI 440 Automatic Distillation Machine

2012-01-03T07:07:47Z

10082388:

[[File:Distill.jpg|right]]The Automatic Distillation Machine is used to determine the boiling characteristics of various petroleum products such as fuels, gasolines and diesels by the atmospheric distillation of the sample. The boiling point curve can be analysed and compared to boiling point curves of other petroleum products. From these comparisons, compositions of the various fuels can be determined.

== Test Procedure ==
The [[NDI 440 Automatic Distillation test procedure]] was compiled by S.C. Rencken during December 2011

File:Distill.jpg

2012-01-03T07:05:05Z

10082388:

General Laboratory Safety and Information

2011-12-08T14:13:36Z

10082388: /* b. General Laboratory Safety */

== General Laboratory Safety and Information ==

=== a. Laboratory access codes and computer passwords ===

• To obtain Tribology lab access code or safe code, contact Prof. P de Vaal.

• Ensure that you have access to the computers in the lab.
The relevant passwords are:

(i) hfrr (for the PC used to control the hfrr)

(ii) srv (for the PC situated further down the laboratory desk, near the srv machine)

=== b. General Laboratory Safety ===

•Ensure that the door is closed while you work in the lab and make sure you lock up, turn off the lights and put the relevant devices in the safe before you leave.

•The vast majority of the substances used in the lab are flammable. It is therefore crucial to keep any naked flames away from flammable substances. Obviously smoking in the lab is strictly forbidden.

•Toluene, one of the solvents used in the labs. Is highly toxic and should not be inhaled. Use gloves at all times when handling toluene. If toluene comes into contact with your skin, immediately wash with soap and water. In the event that the substance is ingested, seek medical attention immediately. See Toluene MSDS for more information.

•Ensure that you are aware of the test procedures and how to assemble and operate the various apparatus before you handle or start a test on any apparatus.

•Ensure the lab as clean as possible once you have finished working.

•Report any apparatus malfunctions to the honours or masters student working in the lab.

•Once a test has been completed, disassemble the apparatus and put all upper and lower test specimens, screws etc. into a toluene bath before leaving the lab.

General Laboratory Safety and Information

2011-12-08T14:10:34Z

10082388: /* b. General Laboratory Safety */

== General Laboratory Safety and Information ==

=== a. Laboratory access codes and computer passwords ===

• To obtain Tribology lab access code or safe code, contact Prof. P de Vaal.

• Ensure that you have access to the computers in the lab.
The relevant passwords are:

(i) hfrr (for the PC used to control the hfrr)

(ii) srv (for the PC situated further down the laboratory desk, near the srv machine)

=== b. General Laboratory Safety ===

•Ensure that the door is closed while you work in the lab and make sure you lock up, turn off the lights and put the relevant devices in the safe before you leave.

•The vast majority of the substances used in the lab are flammable. It is therefore crucial to keep any naked flames away from flammable substances. Obviously smoking in the lab is strictly forbidden.

•Toluene, one of the solvents used in the labs. Is highly toxic and should not be inhaled. Use gloves at all times when handling toluene. If toluene comes into contact with your skin, immediately wash with soap and water. In the event that the substance is ingested, seek medical attention immediately. Toluene MSDS

•Ensure that you are aware of the test procedures and how to assemble and operate the various apparatus before you handle or start a test on any apparatus.

•Ensure the lab as clean as possible once you have finished working.

•Report any apparatus malfunctions to the honours or masters student working in the lab.

•Once a test has been completed, disassemble the apparatus and put all upper and lower test specimens, screws etc. into a toluene bath before leaving the lab.

General Laboratory Safety and Information

2011-12-08T14:10:06Z

10082388: /* b. General Laboratory Safety */

== General Laboratory Safety and Information ==

=== a. Laboratory access codes and computer passwords ===

• To obtain Tribology lab access code or safe code, contact Prof. P de Vaal.

• Ensure that you have access to the computers in the lab.
The relevant passwords are:

(i) hfrr (for the PC used to control the hfrr)

(ii) srv (for the PC situated further down the laboratory desk, near the srv machine)

=== b. General Laboratory Safety ===

•Ensure that the door is closed while you work in the lab and make sure you lock up, turn off the lights and put the relevant devices in the safe before you leave.

•The vast majority of the substances used in the lab are flammable. It is therefore crucial to keep any naked flames away from flammable substances. Obviously smoking in the lab is strictly forbidden.

•Toluene, one of the solvents used in the labs. Is highly toxic and should not be inhaled. Use gloves at all times when handling toluene. If toluene comes into contact with your skin, immediately wash with soap and water. In the event that the substance is ingested, seek medical attention immediately. Toluene MSDS

•Ensure that you are aware of the test procedures and how to assemble and operate the various apparatus before you handle or start a test on any apparatus.
•Ensure the lab as clean as possible once you have finished working.

•Report any apparatus malfunctions to the honours or masters student working in the lab.

•Once a test has been completed, disassemble the apparatus and put all upper and lower test specimens, screws etc. into a toluene bath before leaving the lab.

General Laboratory Safety and Information

2011-12-08T14:09:07Z

10082388: /* a. Laboratory access codes and computer passwords */

== General Laboratory Safety and Information ==

=== a. Laboratory access codes and computer passwords ===

• To obtain Tribology lab access code or safe code, contact Prof. P de Vaal.

• Ensure that you have access to the computers in the lab.
The relevant passwords are:

(i) hfrr (for the PC used to control the hfrr)

(ii) srv (for the PC situated further down the laboratory desk, near the srv machine)

=== b. General Laboratory Safety ===

• Ensure that the door is closed while you work in the lab and make sure you lock up, turn off the lights and put the relevant devices in the safe before you leave.
• The vast majority of the substances used in the lab are flammable. It is therefore crucial to keep any naked flames away from flammable substances. Obviously smoking in the lab is strictly forbidden.
• Toluene, one of the solvents used in the labs. Is highly toxic and should not be inhaled. Use gloves at all times when handling toluene. If toluene comes into contact with your skin, immediately wash with soap and water. In the event that the substance is ingested, seek medical attention immediately. Toluene MSDS
• Ensure that you are aware of the test procedures and how to assemble and operate the various apparatus before you handle or start a test on any apparatus.
• Ensure the lab as clean as possible once you have finished working.
• Report any apparatus malfunctions to the honours or masters student working in the lab.
• Once a test has been completed, disassemble the apparatus and put all upper and lower test specimens, screws etc. into a toluene bath before leaving the lab.

General Laboratory Safety and Information

2011-12-08T14:08:42Z

10082388: Created page with '== General Laboratory Safety and Information == === a. Laboratory access codes and computer passwords === • To obtain Tribology lab access code or safe code, contact Prof. P …'

== General Laboratory Safety and Information ==

=== a. Laboratory access codes and computer passwords ===

• To obtain Tribology lab access code or safe code, contact Prof. P de Vaal.
• Ensure that you have access to the computers in the lab.
The relevant passwords are:
(i) hfrr (for the PC used to control the hfrr)
(ii) srv (for the PC situated further down the laboratory desk, near the srv machine)

=== b. General Laboratory Safety ===

• Ensure that the door is closed while you work in the lab and make sure you lock up, turn off the lights and put the relevant devices in the safe before you leave.
• The vast majority of the substances used in the lab are flammable. It is therefore crucial to keep any naked flames away from flammable substances. Obviously smoking in the lab is strictly forbidden.
• Toluene, one of the solvents used in the labs. Is highly toxic and should not be inhaled. Use gloves at all times when handling toluene. If toluene comes into contact with your skin, immediately wash with soap and water. In the event that the substance is ingested, seek medical attention immediately. Toluene MSDS
• Ensure that you are aware of the test procedures and how to assemble and operate the various apparatus before you handle or start a test on any apparatus.
• Ensure the lab as clean as possible once you have finished working.
• Report any apparatus malfunctions to the honours or masters student working in the lab.
• Once a test has been completed, disassemble the apparatus and put all upper and lower test specimens, screws etc. into a toluene bath before leaving the lab.

Tribology

2011-12-08T14:06:31Z

10082388: /* General Laboratory Safety and Information */

==What Exactly Is Tribology?==

[[File:Lubricating-Oils.jpg|right]]

In essence, tribology is the science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion. This includes research and application of friction, wear and lubrication.
(Mang, Bobzin & Bartels, 2011: 1)

==Theoretical Background==

Research in the Tribology laboratory at the University of Pretoria centres mainly around the study of lubricants and their lubricity, particularly that of diesel. Lubricants applied to mechanical systems generally form a film or separating layer between two interacting surfaces which reduces wear rates and the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction is defined as the ratio of the frictional force to the normal force of the load applied to the surface concerned (Mang et al, 2011: 26). Lubricity can be seen as a measure of how effective a lubricant a particular fluid is. Lubricity cannot be measured directly and is therefore determined by the amount of wear on an interacting surface. Wear is defined as the progressive loss of material from the surface of a solid object due to mechanical causes-that is, the contact with and frictional motion against a solid, liquid or gaseous counter body (Mang et al, 2011: 37).
Various types of wear include adhesion, abrasion, corrosion, tribochemical reactions (usually oxidation) and surface fatigue (Mang et al, 2011: 38). Ultimately the more wear experienced by two interacting surfaces the worse the lubricity of the lubricant applied to the surfaces.

The Lubricity of a fuel depends on factors such as (www.biodiesel.org, 26 November 2011)
the composition of the crude oil source from which the fuel was produced (sulphur found in the original source has good lubricity properties but much of it is removed due to environmental concerns),
the refining processes used to produce the fuel and the handling of the fuel during distribution.
The addition of lubricity enhancing additives (such as antioxidants, viscosity modifiers and many others)also has an affect on the lubricity.

Mang, T, Bobzin, K and Bartels, T (2011) Industrial Tribology: Tribosystems, Friction, Wear and Surface Engineering, Lubrication, WILEY-VCH & Co. Weinheim, Germany

www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Lubricity.PDF [2011, November 26]

==Tribology Laboratory - University of Pretoria==

[[File:Tribpic.jpg|300px|right]]

The tribology group is headed by Professor Philip de Vaal and was started in 1987 with support from ESKOM, Anglo-American and ISCOR. The activities in the lab focus on lubricant performance evaluation, which includes analysis of greases, oils and diesels. More recent industrial problems with diesel quality in South Africa motivated research in the field of diesel lubricity and biodiesel, sponsored by Sasol.

The Tribology Lab not only functions as a academic research lab, but also as an evaluation lab for industry. Several companies use the Tribology Lab for failure analysis and quality control.

The first section gives information regarding the '''[[Tribology#Equipment|equipment]]''' used in the Tribology Lab. The user manuals, test procedures and ASTM/ISO/DIN/SABS standards for each piece of equipment is included in the respective pages. Documentation of past and present projects can also be found there.

The second section includes all the work and some of the literature regarding '''[[hip tribology]]''', and the third section has all the past |test results done for partners in industry. A password is required to access this page.

Section five gives access to all the ASTM/ISO/DIN/CEC/SABS '''[[Standards and Procedures|standards and procedures]]''' that are not included in the equipment section. You will also need a password to access this page.

The last section contains all the project files and documents of students who worked on the [[Diesel and Biodiesel Lubricity|diesel lubricity and biodiesel]] project.

Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/ here] to gain access to '''files on the computers in the Tribology Lab''' (A password is required.)

You will find this page most useful when starting out with a new project or when you just have a problem in the lab. The aim of this site is also to log everything that happens in the lab to help create continuity between students responsible for the well-being of the lab.

==Equipment==

The following lubrication bench tests are available in the Tribology Lab. A hard copy of the documentation of each test rig is also available in a red file of the same number as the rig.

<big>'''[[T01 FZG Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for projects done on the FZG machine can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/FZG/ here]

<big>'''[[T02 Optimol SRV Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for projects done on the SRV machine can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/SRV/ here]

<big>'''[[T03 BICERI Universal Wear-testing Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for the projects done on the BICERI UWM can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/BICERI_UWM/ here]

<big>'''[[T04 High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)]]'''</big>

Documentation, standards and test procedures regarding the HFRR can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T05 Mettler Toledo XP2003S Comparator Balance]]'''</big>

Documentation and areas of application can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T06 US Steel Mobility Test Rig]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T07 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester]]'''</big>

This piece of equipment is used to determine the flashpoint of petroleum products. Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T08 Sprayability Test Rig]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T09 Viscosity Meters]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T10 NDI 440 Automatic Distillation Machine]]'''</big>

This piece of equipment is used to determine the boiling point characteristics of petroleum products. Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

== General Laboratory Safety and Information ==

This section includes relevant information needed by those who work in the Tribology labaratory as well as general laboratory procedures and safety measures. Click on [[General Laboratory Safety and Information]] to access this page.

==Hip Tribology==
This section includes all the projects done on hip tribology. Click on [[hip tribology]] to access the page.

== Test Results ==
This section contains all the test results that has been obtained for clients in industry. A password is required for access. Click on [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20Folder%20(HFRR%20PC)/Test%20Results/ Test Results].

==Standards and Procedures==

[[File:Sliding.jpg|300px|right]]

All the local and international standards and specifications applicable to fuels and the operation of equipment in the Tribology Lab are available here. A password is required to access the information.

ASTM Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/ here])

EN Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/EN%20Standards/ here])

ISO Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/ISO%20Standards/ here])

SABS Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/SABS%20Standards/ here])

== Diesel and Biodiesel lubricity ==
This section contains all the work done at the University of Pretoria, regarding diesel and biodiesel lubricity. Click on [[Diesel and Biodiesel Lubricity]] to access the page.

== Tribology Library ==
This section contains some of the most crucial tribology literature. Much of this literature is not available at the Merensky Library and was interlended by previous students. A file with some of the important literature is available in hard copy. A password is required to access the literature.

=== Textbooks ===
'''Stachowiak and Batchelor (2005) Engineering Tribology''' 
[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Tribology%20Textbooks/2005%20-%20Stachowiak%20%26%20Batchelor%20%28Engineering%20Tribology%29.pdf Textbook]

'''Ludema (1996) Friction, Wear and Lubricity A textbook in Tribology''' 
[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Tribology%20Textbooks/1996%20-%20%20Ludema%20%28Friction%2C%20Wear%2C%20Lubrication%20-%20A%20Textbook%20in%20Tribology%29.pdf Textbook]

=== Categories ===

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Biodiesel/ Biodiesel]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Common%20Rail%20Diesel%20Engines/ Common Rail Diesel Engines]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Contact%20Modelling/ Contact Modelling]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Contamination/ Contamination]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Diesel%20Injector%3APump%20Modelling/ Diesel Injector and Pump Modelling]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Diesel%20Lubricity%20Test%20Methods%20and%20Chemistry%20Effects/ Diesel Lubricity Test Methods and Chemistry Effects]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Experimental%20Analysis%20of%20Boundary%20Films/ Experimental Analysis of Boundary Films]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Friction%20General/ Friction General]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Humidity%20Henry%27s%20Law%20Solubility/ Humidity/Henry's Law/Solubility]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Iron%20oxides%20and%20hydroxides/ Iron oxides and hydroxides]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Lubrication%20Mechanisms/ Lubrication mechanisms]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/n-hexadecane/ n-hexadecane]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Numerical%20Procedures/ Numerical Procedures]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Presentations/ General Presentations]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Robert%20Bosch%20Patents/ Robert Bosch Patents]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/RSA%20Diesel%20Press%20%28Done%29/ RSA Diesel Press]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Unorganised/ Uncategorised]

Tribology

2011-12-08T14:06:04Z

10082388:

==What Exactly Is Tribology?==

[[File:Lubricating-Oils.jpg|right]]

In essence, tribology is the science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion. This includes research and application of friction, wear and lubrication.
(Mang, Bobzin & Bartels, 2011: 1)

==Theoretical Background==

Research in the Tribology laboratory at the University of Pretoria centres mainly around the study of lubricants and their lubricity, particularly that of diesel. Lubricants applied to mechanical systems generally form a film or separating layer between two interacting surfaces which reduces wear rates and the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction is defined as the ratio of the frictional force to the normal force of the load applied to the surface concerned (Mang et al, 2011: 26). Lubricity can be seen as a measure of how effective a lubricant a particular fluid is. Lubricity cannot be measured directly and is therefore determined by the amount of wear on an interacting surface. Wear is defined as the progressive loss of material from the surface of a solid object due to mechanical causes-that is, the contact with and frictional motion against a solid, liquid or gaseous counter body (Mang et al, 2011: 37).
Various types of wear include adhesion, abrasion, corrosion, tribochemical reactions (usually oxidation) and surface fatigue (Mang et al, 2011: 38). Ultimately the more wear experienced by two interacting surfaces the worse the lubricity of the lubricant applied to the surfaces.

The Lubricity of a fuel depends on factors such as (www.biodiesel.org, 26 November 2011)
the composition of the crude oil source from which the fuel was produced (sulphur found in the original source has good lubricity properties but much of it is removed due to environmental concerns),
the refining processes used to produce the fuel and the handling of the fuel during distribution.
The addition of lubricity enhancing additives (such as antioxidants, viscosity modifiers and many others)also has an affect on the lubricity.

Mang, T, Bobzin, K and Bartels, T (2011) Industrial Tribology: Tribosystems, Friction, Wear and Surface Engineering, Lubrication, WILEY-VCH & Co. Weinheim, Germany

www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Lubricity.PDF [2011, November 26]

==Tribology Laboratory - University of Pretoria==

[[File:Tribpic.jpg|300px|right]]

The tribology group is headed by Professor Philip de Vaal and was started in 1987 with support from ESKOM, Anglo-American and ISCOR. The activities in the lab focus on lubricant performance evaluation, which includes analysis of greases, oils and diesels. More recent industrial problems with diesel quality in South Africa motivated research in the field of diesel lubricity and biodiesel, sponsored by Sasol.

The Tribology Lab not only functions as a academic research lab, but also as an evaluation lab for industry. Several companies use the Tribology Lab for failure analysis and quality control.

The first section gives information regarding the '''[[Tribology#Equipment|equipment]]''' used in the Tribology Lab. The user manuals, test procedures and ASTM/ISO/DIN/SABS standards for each piece of equipment is included in the respective pages. Documentation of past and present projects can also be found there.

The second section includes all the work and some of the literature regarding '''[[hip tribology]]''', and the third section has all the past |test results done for partners in industry. A password is required to access this page.

Section five gives access to all the ASTM/ISO/DIN/CEC/SABS '''[[Standards and Procedures|standards and procedures]]''' that are not included in the equipment section. You will also need a password to access this page.

The last section contains all the project files and documents of students who worked on the [[Diesel and Biodiesel Lubricity|diesel lubricity and biodiesel]] project.

Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/ here] to gain access to '''files on the computers in the Tribology Lab''' (A password is required.)

You will find this page most useful when starting out with a new project or when you just have a problem in the lab. The aim of this site is also to log everything that happens in the lab to help create continuity between students responsible for the well-being of the lab.

==Equipment==

The following lubrication bench tests are available in the Tribology Lab. A hard copy of the documentation of each test rig is also available in a red file of the same number as the rig.

<big>'''[[T01 FZG Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for projects done on the FZG machine can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/FZG/ here]

<big>'''[[T02 Optimol SRV Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for projects done on the SRV machine can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/SRV/ here]

<big>'''[[T03 BICERI Universal Wear-testing Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for the projects done on the BICERI UWM can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/BICERI_UWM/ here]

<big>'''[[T04 High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)]]'''</big>

Documentation, standards and test procedures regarding the HFRR can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T05 Mettler Toledo XP2003S Comparator Balance]]'''</big>

Documentation and areas of application can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T06 US Steel Mobility Test Rig]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T07 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester]]'''</big>

This piece of equipment is used to determine the flashpoint of petroleum products. Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T08 Sprayability Test Rig]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T09 Viscosity Meters]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T10 NDI 440 Automatic Distillation Machine]]'''</big>

This piece of equipment is used to determine the boiling point characteristics of petroleum products. Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

== General Laboratory Safety and Information ==

This section includes relevant information needed by those who work in the Tribology labaratory as well as general laboratory procedures and safety measures Click on [[General Laboratory Safety and Information]] to access this page.

==Hip Tribology==
This section includes all the projects done on hip tribology. Click on [[hip tribology]] to access the page.

== Test Results ==
This section contains all the test results that has been obtained for clients in industry. A password is required for access. Click on [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20Folder%20(HFRR%20PC)/Test%20Results/ Test Results].

==Standards and Procedures==

[[File:Sliding.jpg|300px|right]]

All the local and international standards and specifications applicable to fuels and the operation of equipment in the Tribology Lab are available here. A password is required to access the information.

ASTM Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/ here])

EN Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/EN%20Standards/ here])

ISO Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/ISO%20Standards/ here])

SABS Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/SABS%20Standards/ here])

== Diesel and Biodiesel lubricity ==
This section contains all the work done at the University of Pretoria, regarding diesel and biodiesel lubricity. Click on [[Diesel and Biodiesel Lubricity]] to access the page.

== Tribology Library ==
This section contains some of the most crucial tribology literature. Much of this literature is not available at the Merensky Library and was interlended by previous students. A file with some of the important literature is available in hard copy. A password is required to access the literature.

=== Textbooks ===
'''Stachowiak and Batchelor (2005) Engineering Tribology''' 
[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Tribology%20Textbooks/2005%20-%20Stachowiak%20%26%20Batchelor%20%28Engineering%20Tribology%29.pdf Textbook]

'''Ludema (1996) Friction, Wear and Lubricity A textbook in Tribology''' 
[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Tribology%20Textbooks/1996%20-%20%20Ludema%20%28Friction%2C%20Wear%2C%20Lubrication%20-%20A%20Textbook%20in%20Tribology%29.pdf Textbook]

=== Categories ===

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Biodiesel/ Biodiesel]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Common%20Rail%20Diesel%20Engines/ Common Rail Diesel Engines]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Contact%20Modelling/ Contact Modelling]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Contamination/ Contamination]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Diesel%20Injector%3APump%20Modelling/ Diesel Injector and Pump Modelling]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Diesel%20Lubricity%20Test%20Methods%20and%20Chemistry%20Effects/ Diesel Lubricity Test Methods and Chemistry Effects]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Experimental%20Analysis%20of%20Boundary%20Films/ Experimental Analysis of Boundary Films]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Friction%20General/ Friction General]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Humidity%20Henry%27s%20Law%20Solubility/ Humidity/Henry's Law/Solubility]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Iron%20oxides%20and%20hydroxides/ Iron oxides and hydroxides]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Lubrication%20Mechanisms/ Lubrication mechanisms]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/n-hexadecane/ n-hexadecane]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Numerical%20Procedures/ Numerical Procedures]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Presentations/ General Presentations]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Robert%20Bosch%20Patents/ Robert Bosch Patents]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/RSA%20Diesel%20Press%20%28Done%29/ RSA Diesel Press]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Unorganised/ Uncategorised]

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-07T06:37:37Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

[[File:tribologygasE.jpg|right]]

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

[[File:tribology3E.jpg|right]]

=== Procedure A ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

=== Procedure B ===

[[File:flame.jpg|right]]

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

File:Flame.jpg

2011-12-07T06:36:24Z

10082388:

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-07T06:34:13Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

[[File:tribologygasE.jpg|right]]

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

[[File:tribology3E.jpg|right]]

=== Procedure A ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

=== Procedure B ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

File:TribologygasE.jpg

2011-12-07T06:33:18Z

10082388:

T07 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester

2011-12-07T06:29:17Z

10082388:

[[File:tribology1E.jpg|right]]
The flashpoint of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will ignite and momentarily burn when exposed to an ignition source such as a naked flame.
Being aware of the flashpoint of a volatile substance is crucial in order to improve general safety procedures in the laboratory and to prevent potential fires and explosions.
Knowledge of the flashpoint of a diesel will also enable one to ascertain whether or not it will combust in a particular diesel engine.

== Documentation ==

== Test Procedure ==

The [[Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure]] was compiled by S.C. Rencken during December 2011

File:Tribology1E.jpg

2011-12-07T06:28:39Z

10082388:

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-07T06:26:03Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

[[File:tribology3.jpg|right]]

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

[[File:tribology3E.jpg|right]]

=== Procedure A ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

=== Procedure B ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

File:Tribology3E.jpg

2011-12-07T06:23:52Z

10082388:

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-07T06:20:57Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

[[File:tribology3.jpg|right]]

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

=== Procedure A ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

=== Procedure B ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

File:Tribology3.jpg

2011-12-07T06:18:20Z

10082388:

File:Tribology2.jpg

2011-12-07T06:17:30Z

10082388:

T07 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester

2011-12-07T06:15:26Z

10082388:

[[File:tribology1.jpg|right]]
The flashpoint of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will ignite and momentarily burn when exposed to an ignition source such as a naked flame.
Being aware of the flashpoint of a volatile substance is crucial in order to improve general safety procedures in the laboratory and to prevent potential fires and explosions.
Knowledge of the flashpoint of a diesel will also enable one to ascertain whether or not it will combust in a particular diesel engine.

== Documentation ==

== Test Procedure ==

The [[Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure]] was compiled by S.C. Rencken during December 2011

File:Tribology1.jpg

2011-12-07T06:14:23Z

10082388:

Tribology

2011-12-06T07:13:52Z

10082388: /* Equipment */

==What Exactly Is Tribology?==

[[File:Lubricating-Oils.jpg|right]]

In essence, tribology is the science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion. This includes research and application of friction, wear and lubrication.
(Mang, Bobzin & Bartels, 2011: 1)

==Theoretical Background==

Research in the Tribology laboratory at the University of Pretoria centres mainly around the study of lubricants and their lubricity, particularly that of diesel. Lubricants applied to mechanical systems generally form a film or separating layer between two interacting surfaces which reduces wear rates and the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction is defined as the ratio of the frictional force to the normal force of the load applied to the surface concerned (Mang et al, 2011: 26). Lubricity can be seen as a measure of how effective a lubricant a particular fluid is. Lubricity cannot be measured directly and is therefore determined by the amount of wear on an interacting surface. Wear is defined as the progressive loss of material from the surface of a solid object due to mechanical causes-that is, the contact with and frictional motion against a solid, liquid or gaseous counter body (Mang et al, 2011: 37).
Various types of wear include adhesion, abrasion, corrosion, tribochemical reactions (usually oxidation) and surface fatigue (Mang et al, 2011: 38). Ultimately the more wear experienced by two interacting surfaces the worse the lubricity of the lubricant applied to the surfaces.

The Lubricity of a fuel depends on factors such as (www.biodiesel.org, 26 November 2011)
the composition of the crude oil source from which the fuel was produced (sulphur found in the original source has good lubricity properties but much of it is removed due to environmental concerns),
the refining processes used to produce the fuel and the handling of the fuel during distribution.
The addition of lubricity enhancing additives (such as antioxidants, viscosity modifiers and many others)also has an affect on the lubricity.

Mang, T, Bobzin, K and Bartels, T (2011) Industrial Tribology: Tribosystems, Friction, Wear and Surface Engineering, Lubrication, WILEY-VCH & Co. Weinheim, Germany

www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Lubricity.PDF [2011, November 26]

==Tribology Laboratory - University of Pretoria==

[[File:Tribpic.jpg|300px|right]]

The tribology group is headed by Professor Philip de Vaal and was started in 1987 with support from ESKOM, Anglo-American and ISCOR. The activities in the lab focus on lubricant performance evaluation, which includes analysis of greases, oils and diesels. More recent industrial problems with diesel quality in South Africa motivated research in the field of diesel lubricity and biodiesel, sponsored by Sasol.

The Tribology Lab not only functions as a academic research lab, but also as an evaluation lab for industry. Several companies use the Tribology Lab for failure analysis and quality control.

The first section gives information regarding the '''[[Tribology#Equipment|equipment]]''' used in the Tribology Lab. The user manuals, test procedures and ASTM/ISO/DIN/SABS standards for each piece of equipment is included in the respective pages. Documentation of past and present projects can also be found there.

The second section includes all the work and some of the literature regarding '''[[hip tribology]]''', and the third section has all the past |test results done for partners in industry. A password is required to access this page.

Section five gives access to all the ASTM/ISO/DIN/CEC/SABS '''[[Standards and Procedures|standards and procedures]]''' that are not included in the equipment section. You will also need a password to access this page.

The last section contains all the project files and documents of students who worked on the [[Diesel and Biodiesel Lubricity|diesel lubricity and biodiesel]] project.

Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/ here] to gain access to '''files on the computers in the Tribology Lab''' (A password is required.)

You will find this page most useful when starting out with a new project or when you just have a problem in the lab. The aim of this site is also to log everything that happens in the lab to help create continuity between students responsible for the well-being of the lab.

==Equipment==

The following lubrication bench tests are available in the Tribology Lab. A hard copy of the documentation of each test rig is also available in a red file of the same number as the rig.

<big>'''[[T01 FZG Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for projects done on the FZG machine can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/FZG/ here]

<big>'''[[T02 Optimol SRV Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for projects done on the SRV machine can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/SRV/ here]

<big>'''[[T03 BICERI Universal Wear-testing Machine]]'''</big>

Documentation for the projects done on the BICERI UWM can be found [http://ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology/BICERI_UWM/ here]

<big>'''[[T04 High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)]]'''</big>

Documentation, standards and test procedures regarding the HFRR can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T05 Mettler Toledo XP2003S Comparator Balance]]'''</big>

Documentation and areas of application can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T06 US Steel Mobility Test Rig]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T07 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester]]'''</big>

This piece of equipment is used to determine the flashpoint of petroleum products. Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T08 Sprayability Test Rig]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T09 Viscosity Meters]]'''</big>

Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

<big>'''[[T10 NDI 440 Automatic Distillation Machine]]'''</big>

This piece of equipment is used to determine the boiling point characteristics of petroleum products. Documentation and test method can be found in this section.

==Hip Tribology==
This section includes all the projects done on hip tribology. Click on [[hip tribology]] to access the page.

== Test Results ==
This section contains all the test results that has been obtained for clients in industry. A password is required for access. Click on [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20Folder%20(HFRR%20PC)/Test%20Results/ Test Results].

==Standards and Procedures==

[[File:Sliding.jpg|300px|right]]

All the local and international standards and specifications applicable to fuels and the operation of equipment in the Tribology Lab are available here. A password is required to access the information.

ASTM Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/ here])

EN Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/EN%20Standards/ here])

ISO Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/ISO%20Standards/ here])

SABS Standards and Specifications (Click [ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Standards%20and%20Specifications/SABS%20Standards/ here])

== Diesel and Biodiesel lubricity ==
This section contains all the work done at the University of Pretoria, regarding diesel and biodiesel lubricity. Click on [[Diesel and Biodiesel Lubricity]] to access the page.

== Tribology Library ==
This section contains some of the most crucial tribology literature. Much of this literature is not available at the Merensky Library and was interlended by previous students. A file with some of the important literature is available in hard copy. A password is required to access the literature.

=== Textbooks ===
'''Stachowiak and Batchelor (2005) Engineering Tribology''' 
[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Tribology%20Textbooks/2005%20-%20Stachowiak%20%26%20Batchelor%20%28Engineering%20Tribology%29.pdf Textbook]

'''Ludema (1996) Friction, Wear and Lubricity A textbook in Tribology''' 
[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Tribology%20Textbooks/1996%20-%20%20Ludema%20%28Friction%2C%20Wear%2C%20Lubrication%20-%20A%20Textbook%20in%20Tribology%29.pdf Textbook]

=== Categories ===

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Biodiesel/ Biodiesel]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Common%20Rail%20Diesel%20Engines/ Common Rail Diesel Engines]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Contact%20Modelling/ Contact Modelling]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Contamination/ Contamination]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Diesel%20Injector%3APump%20Modelling/ Diesel Injector and Pump Modelling]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Diesel%20Lubricity%20Test%20Methods%20and%20Chemistry%20Effects/ Diesel Lubricity Test Methods and Chemistry Effects]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Experimental%20Analysis%20of%20Boundary%20Films/ Experimental Analysis of Boundary Films]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Friction%20General/ Friction General]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Humidity%20Henry%27s%20Law%20Solubility/ Humidity/Henry's Law/Solubility]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Iron%20oxides%20and%20hydroxides/ Iron oxides and hydroxides]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Lubrication%20Mechanisms/ Lubrication mechanisms]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/n-hexadecane/ n-hexadecane]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Numerical%20Procedures/ Numerical Procedures]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Presentations/ General Presentations]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Robert%20Bosch%20Patents/ Robert Bosch Patents]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/RSA%20Diesel%20Press%20%28Done%29/ RSA Diesel Press]

[ftp://tribology@ragnarok.up.ac.za/Tribology%20-%20Literature/Unorganised/ Uncategorised]

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T07:09:46Z

10082388: /* Procedure A */

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

=== Procedure A ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

=== Procedure B ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T07:07:59Z

10082388:

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T07:06:52Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

=== Procedure A ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source. Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

=== Procedure B ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T07:04:57Z

10082388: /* Procedure A */

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

=== Procedure A ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

=== Procedure B ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-
10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T07:04:04Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

=== Procedure A ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

=== Procedure B ===

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-
10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T07:03:16Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

=='''Test Procedures'''==

== Procedure A ==

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

== Procedure B ==

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-
10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T07:01:24Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

== Procedure A ==

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

== Procedure B ==

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 250+/-
10rpm.

4. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 1-1.6°C/minute.

5. Proceed as indicated in section 5 and 6, procedure A.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T06:57:04Z

10082388: /* Procedure A */

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

== Procedure A ==

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flame to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T06:56:36Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

== Procedure A ==

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flam to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T06:55:56Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

Procedure A

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.

2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flam to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.

3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.

4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.

5. Application of Ignition Source

5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5° C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).

5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.

5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.

5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.

5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.

6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T06:53:31Z

10082388:

== Summary ==

The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to determine the flashpoint is dependent on the petroleum product. Procedure A applies to distillate fuels such as diesel or kerosene, while procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, petroleum liquids that form a surface film under test conditions and used lubricating oils amongst others. The sample is contained in a brass test cup which is placed inside the apparatus and fitted with a testcover. The sample contained in the test cup is heated and stirred simultaneously. An external ignition source is periodically directed into the test cup (this momentarily interrupts the stirring). This is done until a flash is observed (meaning the sample has reached its flashpoint).

== Apparatus Preparation ==

• The apparatus should be supported on a level surface such as a table.

• The test should under all circumstances be performed in a fume hood

• Thoroughly clean the test cup using acetone and ensure it is completely dry after being cleaned (acetone is flammable!).

• Ensure that a properly calibrated thermometer is inserted into the apparatus.

• Ensure that the gas cylinder is properly connected to the flashpoint apparatus.

Procedure A

1. Fill the test cup with the sample (up to the filling mark ) and ensure that the temperature of the sample is at least 18°C below the expected flashpoint of the substance.
2. Open the gas and light the test flame using an external ignition source such as a blowlamp.
Adjust the flam to a diameter of 3.2 to 4.8mm using the dial on the front panel of the instrument.
3. Apply the heat to such an extent that the temperature of the sample increases by 5-6°C/minute.
4. Switch on the turning device and ensure that it turns at a rate of 90 to 120 rpm.
5. Application of Ignition Source
5.1. If the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is 110°C or lower, the ignition source must be applied when the sample temperature is 23+/-5°C below the expected flash point and thereafter each time the temperature has increased by 1°C. Apply the ignition source by discontinuing the stirring of the sample and lowering the ignition source into the vapour space of the test cup (using the white lever on the test cover).
5.2. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is higher than 110°C, apply the ignition source as described in 5.1 at each temperature increase of 2°C.
5.3. When testing a sample to determine only whether volatile material contamination is present, the temperature limits proposed in 5.1 and 5.2 need not be adhered to.
5.4. In the event that the expected flashpoint temperature of the sample is not known, ensure that the temperature of the sample is 15+/-5°C. If the sample is very viscous at this temperature, heat it to a starting temperature as described in 5.1 and 5.2. Apply the ignition source (using the procedure described previously) beginning at least 5°C higher than the starting temperature.
5.5. Record the flashpoint temperature as observed on the thermometer. This is done when a distinct flash within the test cup is observed on application of the ignition source.
6. Allow the apparatus to cool down to a safe temperature (less than 55°C)
and then remove the cover and test cup and clean as recommended in apparatus preparation.

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T06:51:42Z

10082388: /* Apparatus Preparation */

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T06:49:43Z

10082388:

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T06:48:50Z

10082388:

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure

2011-12-06T06:47:59Z

10082388: Created page with '== Summary == The Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester can be used to determine the flashpoint of a petroleum product in the temperature range 40-360°C. The procedure used to deter…'

T07 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester

2011-12-06T06:40:01Z

10082388:

[[File:IMG_1965.JPG|right]]
The flashpoint of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will ignite and momentarily burn when exposed to an ignition source such as a naked flame.
Being aware of the flashpoint of a volatile substance is crucial in order to improve general safety procedures in the laboratory and to prevent potential fires and explosions.
Knowledge of the flashpoint of a diesel will also enable one to ascertain whether or not it will combust in a particular diesel engine.

== Documentation ==

== Test Procedure ==

The [[Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure]] was compiled by S.C. Rencken during December 2011

T07 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester

2011-12-06T06:38:09Z

10082388:

[[File:IMG_1965tri.JPG]]
The flashpoint of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will ignite and momentarily burn when exposed to an ignition source such as a naked flame.
Being aware of the flashpoint of a volatile substance is crucial in order to improve general safety procedures in the laboratory and to prevent potential fires and explosions.
Knowledge of the flashpoint of a diesel will also enable one to ascertain whether or not it will combust in a particular diesel engine.

== Documentation ==

== Test Procedure ==

The [[Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure]] was compiled by S.C. Rencken during December 2011

T07 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester

2011-12-06T06:37:13Z

10082388:

[[File:IMG_1965tri.jpg]]
The flashpoint of a substance is the lowest temperature at which it will ignite and momentarily burn when exposed to an ignition source such as a naked flame.
Being aware of the flashpoint of a volatile substance is crucial in order to improve general safety procedures in the laboratory and to prevent potential fires and explosions.
Knowledge of the flashpoint of a diesel will also enable one to ascertain whether or not it will combust in a particular diesel engine.

== Documentation ==

== Test Procedure ==

The [[Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Test Procedure]] was compiled by S.C. Rencken during December 2011

File:Lubricating-Oils.jpg

2011-12-02T08:25:39Z

10082388: